Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım

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Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 23
Effect of Some Surfactants on So2-Marble Reaction
(Elsevier Ltd., 2002-12) Böke, Hasan; Göktürk, E. Hale; Caner Saltık, Emine N.; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
In the polluted atmosphere, sulphur dioxide (SO2) reacts with calcite (CaCO3) in marble producing calcium sulphite hemihydrate (CaSO3·0.5 H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Gypsum develops crust at rain-sheltered surfaces and then, being more soluble, accelerates erosion at areas exposed to rain. Eventually, all these lead to significant deformations in the appearance and structure of marble surfaces. Clearly, some precautions must be taken to stop or at least to slow down this deterioration process which destroys our cultural heritage. In this study, we have investigated the possibilities of preventing the SO2-marble reaction by using water-soluble surfactants: Abil Quat 3270 and Tween 20. Experiments for measuring their effects have been carried out at conditions simulating the dry deposition of SO2. Infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the mineralogical composition and morphology of the reaction products. The extent of sulphation reaction was calculated by determining calcium sulphite hemihydrate and gypsum quantitatively by an IR approach and also by weight increases observed during the progress of SO2-marble reaction. A 10% decrease is observed in the total sulphation with both surfactant applications. The results have been discussed in relation to the possible stages of sulphation reaction and surface reactions of calcite.
Visualisation and Evaluation of Structural Characteristics and Problems of a Classical Ottoman Bath
(WITPress, 2003) Çizer, Özlem; Turan, Mine; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Visual documentation has been accepted as an important phase of architectural heritage conservation. Visualisation of structural characteristics and their problems, however, has gained importance in the last decade. In this study, structural characteristics are used to comprehend the characteristics of construction techniques and materials of building components. Structural failures such as loss of a structural element and cracks, and material deterioration such as loss of material and deposit are the main problems observed. Visualisation of structural characteristics and their related problems has been the basis of the methodology in this study. It is also considered important to underline the necessity of the design of a special visualisation technique peculiar to the characteristics of the monument under study.
Tarihi yapılarda malzeme bozulmasının sınıflandırılması ve sorunların saptanmasına yönelik bir yöntem araştırılması
(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2003) İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, Hasan; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Akkurt, Sedat; Çizer, Özlem; 03.09. Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
Tarihi yapıların özgün malzemelerinin olabildiğince korunması ve onların onarımlarında kullanılacak yeni malzemelerin özgün malzeme özellikleri dikkate alınarak belirlenmesi koruma çalışmalarının temel ilkelerindendir. Bu doğrultuda bu araştırmanın amacı, tarihi yapılardaki özgün malzemelerin korunabilmesi için gerekli olan çalışma etaplarını sistematik olarak örneklemektir. Çalışma kapsamında, seçilen tarihi bir yapıda malzeme çeşitlilikleri, bozulma çeşitlilikleri, malzemelerin fiziksel, mineralojik, yapısal ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiş, meteorolojik verilerle bozulmaların ilişkisi araştırılmış ve koruma müdahaleleri için temel bilgiler oluşturulmuştur. Yapıda kullanılan malzemeler, malzeme bozulmaları ve yoğunluktan yapıya ait çizimler üzerinde belirtilmiştir. Yapıdan toplanan özgün malzeme örneklerinin fiziksel özellikleri (yoğunluk ve gözeneklilik); içerdikleri çözünen tuz oranlan, harç ve sıvalarda ham madde oranları tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin mineralojik, yapısal ve kimyasal özellikleri, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM Scanning Electron Microscope) ve X ışınlan kırınım (X-Ray Diffraction) cihazı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Her tarihi yapı, kendine özgü malzemeler ve sorunlar içermekle beraber özgün malzemelerin korunmasına yönelik çalışmalann belli etaplan izlemesi gerekir. Bu araştırma kapsamında ele alınan ve her tarihi yapıda uygulanabilecek çalışma etaplan; arazide yapı üzerinde gerçekleştirilecek çalışmalar, laboratuvar çalışmalan ve meteorolojik verilerin incelenmesi olarak üç başlık halinde önerilmiştir. Araştırma özelinde ele alınan tarihi yapının inşasında kayrak taşı, tuğla ve kireç harcı kullanılmıştır. Duvar yüzeylerinde kireç sıva, üst yapıda ise horasan sıva kaplama malzemesidir. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, malzemelerde gözlenen bozulmalanmn ana kaynağının nem olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bozulmaların fazla olduğu bölgelerdeki malzemelerin, bozulmaların daha az olduğu bölgelerdeki malzemelere göre yoğunluklan düşük, gözeneklilikleri daha yüksek, içerdikleri çözünen tuz miktarlan fazladır. Yerden yükselen nem ve üst yapının tahrip olması nedeniyle yapının zeminden ortalama l m. yükseklikte ve üst bölümlerinde bulunan malzemelerde gözlenen bozulmalar daha yoğundur. Bu nedenle çevre drenajının yapılması ve üst yapıda gerekli onarını müdahalelerinin gerçekleştirilmesi birinci dereceden önem taşımaktadır. Bu temel müdahaleler yanı sıra onarım malzemeleri olarak seçilecek yeni kayrak taşlan ve tuğlaların nem ve sıcaklık değişimlerinde özgün malzemelerle benzer davranışı gösterecek temel fiziksel özelliklere sahip olması gerekmektedir. Özgün kireç harç ve sıvalann onanmında bunlann kompozisyonuna benzer kireç harç ve sıvalar kullanılmalıdır. Türkiye'de tarihi yapıların korunması konusunda yapılan çalışmalar, onların mimari özelliklerinin korunmasını içermektedir. Ancak, yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerin özellikleri, bozulma sorunlarının belirlenmesi ve bunlann değerlendirilmesi sonucu yapılacak müdahaleler ve müdahalelerde kullanılacak malzemelerin özellikleri konusunda çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmemektedir. Bu nedenle tarihi yapılara bilinçsizce müdahaleler yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tarihi yapılarda Özgün malzemelerin korunmasının önemini vurgulaması ve konuyla ilgili çalışma etaplannı göstermesi açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 8
Reducing Marble-So2 Reaction Rate by the Application of Certain Surfactants
(Springer Verlag, 2003-01) Böke, Hasan; Gauri, K. Lal; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), prevalent in the modern urban environment of industrial countries, attacks calcite (CaCO3) in marble. As a result, a gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) crust is produced at rain-sheltered surfaces while areas exposed to rain experience accelerated erosion. We have investigated the effect of certain surfactants as protective agents against SO2 attack. We report that the anions oxalate (C2O4-2) and oleate (C17H33COO-) from solutions of their highly soluble alkali salt species are able to replace carbonate (CO3-2) in calcite producing less reactive substrate of oxalate and oleate of calcium. Experiments to measure the protection obtained by these treatments were carried out in the laboratory and field conditions at nearly 1 ppm and 10 ppb SO2 concentrations, respectively. We found that these treatments provided significant protection to marble exposed in sheltered areas, up to 30% reduction of reaction rate by treatment with 2 × 10-4 M sodium oleate and up to 14% by a 2 × 10-3 M with potassium oxalate solutions, but become ineffective over long term exposure when applied to surfaces exposed to rain. Carrara marble was used in the reported study. Ion chromatography was the analytical tool, which allowed precise measurements of ionic concentrations of these salts, the amount of their uptake by marble, and the thickness of the gypsum crust. X-ray diffraction allowed determination of the new minerals formed at the marble surface by the treatment with surfactants.
Citation - WoS: 44
Citation - Scopus: 44
Ettringite Formation in Historic Bath Brick-Lime Plasters
(Elsevier Ltd., 2003-09) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; 03.09. Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
Two types of historic hydraulic brick-lime plasters from a selected Ottoman bath are examined to characterize their technology and the appropriateness of their use in bath. The first type of plaster is original and structurally sound, while the historic repair plaster is the second type and is found to have deteriorated despite being exposed to the same environment. This difference is investigated by comparing their raw material compositions and the pozzolanic activities of the brick powders used in the plasters. Although these results showed no significant differences, ettringite crystals are detected in the historic repair ones by XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analysis. The repair plaster may have lost its integrity owing to the expansion generated by the growth of ettringite crystals in the plaster. In this study, the ettringite formation is discussed in relation to hydration reaction products of lime-brick plasters, possible sources of gypsum, and the climatic conditions of historic bath building.
Citation - Scopus: 5
Mimari Fotogrametri Alanındaki Çağdaş Gelişimlerin Değerlendirilmesi
(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2004) Turan, Mine; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Sayısal (dijital) veya analog (fotoğrafik) görüntüler üzerindeki bilgilerin, mimari nesnelerin ölçekli görsel belgelerinin elde edilmesinde kullanılmak üzere değerlendirilmesi tekniklerinin bütününe mimari fotogrametri denilmektedir. Tarihi uygulamalarda genellikle ayrıntılı cephe çizimleri ile belgeleme sonuçları sunulurken, çağdaş olanaklar, koruma uzmanı mimarın gereksinim duyduğu çözümleyici görselleştirmelerin sunumuna da olanak vermiştir. Artık fotogrametri ile belgelenen tarihi binalar; bilgisayar ortamında hazırlanan üç boyutlu modelleri, çeşitli perspektifleri ve tematik bilgilerin döküldüğü ayrıntılı haritaları ile incelenebilmektedirler. Etkileşimsel çoklu ortamda gerçekleştirilen sunumlar da yapılabilmektedir. Bu sunumlara olanak veren yüksek geometrik hassasiyetteki filmli ve dijital fotoğraf makineleri, yüksek çözünürlükteki tarayıcılar ve görüntü değerlendirme yazılımları hızla geliştirilmektedir. Diğer yandan fotogrametrinin temel ilkeleri yeniden yorumlanarak yöntem kurguları çeşitlenmektedir. Tüm bu çağdaş gelişimlerin mimari koruma alanındaki yeri, derlenen kaynaklar yorumlanarak bu yazı kapsamında vurgulanmıştır.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 7
Investigation of the Pozzolanic Properties of Bricks Used in Horasan Mortars and Plasters in Historic Buildings
(Trans Tech Publications, 2004) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; İpekoğlu, Başak; 03.09. Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
Crushed brick used in historic brick-lime mortars and plasters (Horasan) were characterized for understanding their properties to develop intervention mortars for conservation. Brick powders were separated from original mortars and plasters, and analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDS, TGA and pozzolanic activity (PA) measurements. The results showed that the microstructures of brick powders were not completely vitrified, and their XRD analysis failed to show the peaks for high temperature (T>900°C) phases. PA measurements of all brick powders showed an ample amount of artificial pozzolan property. Consequently, brick powders aimed for conservation of historic mortars must have high clay contents in addition to being low-fired (T<900°C) in order to produce maximum conversion into amorphous phase for ideal PA values.
Citation - WoS: 117
Citation - Scopus: 132
Quantification of Caco3-Caso3·0.5h 2o-Caso4·2h2o Mixtures by Ftir Analysis and Its Ann Model
(Elsevier Ltd., 2004-02) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; Özdemir, Serhan; Göktürk, E. Hale; Caner Saltık, Emine N.; 03.09. Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03.10. Department of Mechanical Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
A new quantitative analysis method for mixtures of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium sulphite hemihydrate (CaSO 3·1/2H2O) and gypsum (CaSO 4·2H2O) by FTIR spectroscopy is developed. The method involves the FTIR analysis of powder mixtures of several compositions on KBr disc specimens. Intensities of the resulting absorbance peaks for CaCO 3, CaSO3·1/2H2O and CaSO 4·2H2O at 1453, 980, 1146 cm-1 were used as input data for an artificial neural network (ANN) model, the output being the weight percent compositions of the mixtures. The training and testing data were randomly separated from the complete original data set. Testing of the model was done with successfully low-average error levels. The utility of the model is in the potential ability to use FTIR spectrum to predict the proportions of the three substances in unknown mixtures.
Citation - WoS: 170
Characteristics of Brick Used as Aggregate in Historic Brick-Lime Mortars and Plasters
(Elsevier Ltd., 2006) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu, Elif; 03.09. Department of Materials Science and Engineering; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
Mortars and plasters composed of a mixture of brick powder and lime have been used since ancient times due to their hydraulic properties. In this study, raw material compositions, basic physical, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of some historic Ottoman Bath brick-lime mortars and plasters were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS, AFM, TGA and chemical analyses. The mineralogical and chemical compositions, microstructures, morphologies and pozzolanicities of the brick powders and fragments used as aggregates in the mortars and plasters were examined to find out the relationship between hydraulic properties of the mortars and the bricks. The characteristics of bricks used in the bath domes were also determined to investigate whether the brick aggregates used in mortar and plasters were prepared from these bricks. The results indicated that the mortars and plasters were hydraulic owing to the presence of crushed brick powders that have good pozzolanicity. The brick powders bad high pozzolanicity because they contained high amounts of calcium-poor clay minerals in their raw materials that were fired at low temperatures. On the other hand, bricks used in the domes had poor pozzolanicity with different mineralogical and chemical compositions from bricks used in mortars and plasters. Based on the results of the analysis, it was thought that the bricks manufactured with high amounts of clays were consciously chosen in the preparation of hydraulic mortars and plasters. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Citation - WoS: 57
Citation - Scopus: 65
An Architectural Evaluation Method for Conservation of Traditional Dwellings
(Elsevier Ltd., 2006-03) İpekoğlu, Başak; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Historic urban sites and traditional houses are the most important evidence of the past life style. The conservation of these traditional values in the context of conservation and revitalization of architectural heritage is in a sense the preservation of culture. The main goal of conservation is to enliven cultural properties by evaluating their architectural, historical, environmental, visual and aesthetic characteristics. These evaluation studies, which are essential in the context of conservation plans, are inevitable phases to determine the principles of the plans. This study is aimed to propose a method for the architectural evaluation phase, which is essential before conservation decisions. The proposed method is based on a gradation system. Odunpazari district in Eskişehir/Turkey is determined as the area to test this gradation method. It is proposed that this method explains the systematic way for evaluating architectural features belonging to historic sites whose conservation plans are to be prepared. In the study, traditional buildings are evaluated from the point of their exterior and interior architectural characteristics and classified as different value groups: A, B, C and D. This grouping will be advantageous to conservation decisions. Different technical teams may be organized to be responsible for these various value groups. As a result, a systematic approach for the determination of specialized teams and required equipment will be achieved. Thus, an accurate determination of required time and cost estimates will be realized.
Citation - WoS: 93
Citation - Scopus: 111
The Accelerating Effects of the Microorganisms on Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments Under Air Pollution and Continental-Cold Climatic Conditions in Erzurum, Turkey
(Elsevier Ltd., 2006-07) Nuhoğlu, Yaşar; Ensar, Oğuz; Uslu, Hakan; Özbek, Ahmet; İpekoğlu, Başak; Ocak, İjlal; Hasenekoğlu, İsmet; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
The aim of this research was to determine the accelerating effects of microorganisms on the biodeterioration of stone under air pollution and continental-cold climatic region in Erzurum, Turkey. Studies have been carried out on specimens of the Rustempasa Bazaar, the Lalapasa Mosque, the Erzurum Castle Mosque, the Double Minarets-Madrasah, the Great Mosque and the Haji Mehmet Fountain aged from 441 to 823 years old. The results showed that vegetative and reproductive (generative) forms of the microorganisms could develop during the winter months when the night time average temperature was even - 25 °C. Also the reproductive forms had developed and the whole stone surface was covered with a biofilm caused by the microorganisms. Silicon, aluminum, calcium, potassium, titanium, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, iron, sodium, and niobium were found in the stones of the historical buildings with varying amounts through the SEM-EDS analysis. Some of these elements could be used as an energy resource for the microorganisms together with the air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particles on the stone surfaces. Of 21 isolates, 15 species from 6 bacterium genera and 5 species from 5 fungi genera plus 1 fungi genera were identified on the deteriorated stone surfaces even during the coldest months by microbial identification system (MIS) and these findings were tested by SEM investigations.
Citation - WoS: 20
Citation - Scopus: 23
Opal-A Rich Additives Used in Ancient Lime Mortars
(Elsevier Ltd., 2006-10) Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; Caner Saltık, Emine N.; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Ancient stone and brick masonry mortars from three monuments in Konya, Central Anatolia dated to the Anatolian Selçuk Period (12th and 13th centuries AD) were examined for their raw material composition and durability characteristics to understand some characteristics of medieval mortar technology. Optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR and TGA analyses revealed that the mortars contained high percentage of lime binder totally carbonated into micritic calcite. Coarse and medium aggregates were mainly composed of sandstone and metamorphic rock fragments, quartz, feldspar and mica minerals. Opal-A was found in considerable amounts in the fine aggregates, likely not derived from the coarser ones but added separately. Pozzolanic activity of the fine aggregates was determined by conductometric measurements. Their ability to form C-S-H was observed by treating them with saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. Bulk density and total porosity measurements showed that the mortars were highly porous due to the use of high amount of lime. On the other hand, they possessed sufficient mechanical strength. Mechanical properties were determined by point load tests and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements. They were expressed as uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity (Emod) in MPa. The results were also discussed in terms of durability characteristics of the mortars. They were expressed with the use of uniaxial compressive strengths in dry and wet states, and total porosity values. The mortars were considered to have high durability to wetting and drying cycles but had poor durability to the crystallization of water-soluble salts.
Tarihi yapıların değişimlerinin belgelenmesi ve bulguların arşivlenmesi için fotogrametrik bir yöntem araştırması
(2007) Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Akbaylar, İpek; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Bu çalışmada, mimari temsilin sahip olduğu çağdaş karekter, koruma disiplini bağlamında ele alınmış; tarihi yapıların değişimlerinin belgelenmesindeki etki alanları ve bulguların dijital ortamda arşivlenmesinin olanakları araştırılmıştır. Böylece koruma kararlarının yönlendirilmesi daha kapsamlı bir değerlendirme ile yapılabilecektir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, tarihi yapıların değişimlerinin belgelenmesi ve bulguların arşivlenmesi için çağdaş bir yöntem önermektir. Söz konusu yöntem, çeşitli çağdaş ve geleneksel teknikleri birleştiren bir niteliktedir. Veri derleme ve işlemede yakın erimli dijital fotogrametrinin 3b ölçüm ve düzeltim olanaklarından yararlanılmış; görsel çözümleme için haritalama ve düzeyleme teknikleri birleştirilmiş; sunum için geleneksel cephe çizimi, dik fotoğraf oluşturma ve 3b modelleme teknikleri birlikte uygulanmış; arşivleme amacıyla veritabanı oluşturma yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Önerilen yöntemin sınanması için bugün 3 beden duvarı ayakta kalmış olan bir 19. yüzyıl anıtı – Ildırı Rum Kilisesi – seçilmiştir. Kullanılan gereçler, kalibre edilmiş dijital fotoğraf makinesi, elektronik takeometre cihazı ve monoskopik dijital fotogrametri yazılımıdır. Ölçüm sonuçları, CAD ortamına aktarılarak 2B çizimler ve 3B model oluşturulmuştur. Fotogrametri yazılımında perspektifi düzeltilen fotoğraflar, resim işleme yazılımında işlenerek çözümleme haritaları elde edilmiştir. Tüm yazılı ve görsel sonuçlar, bir veritabanı yazılımı yardımıyla derlenerek, çoklu ortamda araştırmacıların erişimine hazır hale getirilmiştir.
Tarihi yapılarda mermer yüzeylerinin bio-bozunur polimer ile korunması
(2007) Böke, Hasan; Ocak, Yılmaz; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
Hava kirliliği, tüm dünyada ve ülkemizde kültür varlıklarımızın hızlı ve buna bağlı olarak artan bir şekilde bozulmasına yol açan önemli bir çevre faktörünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu bozulma, en fazla kalkerli taşlardan yapılmış (mermer, traverten, v.b) anıtlarda ve eserlerde gözlenmektedir. Kirli havada bulunan kükürt dioksit gazı (SO2) kalkerli taşları oluşturan kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) ile suyun varlığında reaksiyona girerek ara reaksiyon ürünü olan kalsiyum sülfit hemihidrat (CaSO3 . 0.5 H2O) ve bu ürünün oksitlenmesi sonucunda alçı taşını oluşturmaktadır (CaSO4 . 2 H2O) (ELFVING 1994; BÖKE 1999; GAURI 1999) . Oluşan alçı taşının sudaki çözünürlüğünün kalsit’den daha fazla olması yağmura açık bölgelerde bulunan mermer yüzeylerin erozyonunu hızlandırmaktadır (Şekil 1a). Eğer mermer yüzeyleri yağmurdan korunan bir bölgede ise bu oluşum, yüzeylerin bir süre sonra kabuklanmasına ve giderek dökülmesine yol açmaktadır (Şekil 1b). Tarihi anıtların ve arkeolojik alanlarda bulunan eserlerin büyük çoğunluğu kalsit kristallerinden oluşan kireç taşlarından oluşmaktadır.
Citation - WoS: 30
Citation - Scopus: 36
Assessment of Material Use in Relation To Climate in Historical Buildings
(Elsevier Ltd., 2007-02) İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, Hasan; Çizer, Özlem; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Climate is among the most significant factors on the environmental performance, life span and/or durability of construction materials in buildings. Although some historical buildings have been abandoned and neglected for a very long period, their existence through centuries can be explained because of their durability to climatic conditions of the area where they are situated. In this study, construction techniques and characteristics of building materials used in some madrasas (historical education buildings) in Western Anatolia (Turkey) were examined in order to evaluate the conditions of the buildings by taking into account climatic conditions of the region. The studied Western Anatolian madrasas, which are in the moderate climatic conditions, were constructed out of rubble stone, brick and mortar in random bond with local workmanship by local builders who continued the older traditions and have survived for more than 300 years without maintenance and repair. On the other hand, most of the madrasa buildings in Central and Eastern Anatolia, which are in the steppe climatic conditions, were differently constructed with cut stone on their exterior surfaces to prevent the main structures of the walls composed of rubble stone and mortar from harsh climatic conditions of these regions. This study indicated that construction techniques and building materials appropriate to the climate might have been intentionally chosen for the survival of historical buildings over the centuries.
Citation - WoS: 49
Citation - Scopus: 57
Characteristics of Lime Produced From Limestone Containing Diatoms
(Elsevier Ltd., 2008-05) Böke, Hasan; Çizer, Özlem; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Şerifaki, Kerem; Toprak, Gülcan; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
In this study lime binder used in stone and brick masonry mortars of some historic Ottoman baths was examined to understand whether the binders were hydraulic or not. For this purpose the mineralogical and elemental compositions and the microstructure of lime binder were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. The results indicate that the lime used in the brick dome mortars of Ottoman baths was hydraulic. Taking into account the kiln and fuel conditions of the 15th century, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic lime at relatively low temperature was examined. For this purpose limestone containing diatoms was heated at a relatively low temperature (850 °C), then slaked and carbonated. After heating and slaking, calcium silicate giving hydraulicity to the lime was indicated by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. These results show that the production of hydraulic lime at a relatively low calcination temperature (850 °C) was possible with 15th century kilns.
Citation - WoS: 31
Citation - Scopus: 41
Metadata-Based Heritage Sites Modeling With E-Learning Functionality
(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Styliadis, Athanasios D.; Akbaylar, İpek; Papadopoulou, Despoina A.; Hasanagas, Nikolaos D.; Roussa, Sotiria A.; Sexidis, Lazaros A.
Nowadays, cultural heritage is under threat and danger (pollution, natural disasters, wars, etc.). In this domain, cultural heritage management (CHM) as the art, vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage resources and as a multi-discipline research area has a vital role. In recent years, the innovations, improvements and rapid advances in traditional and geographic (GIS) databases, design computing, digital architecture and archaeology, imaging sensors and scanners, computer modeling software, haptic equipments and e-learning technology, as well as the affordability and availability of many powerful graphics workstations make metadata and 3D modeling techniques for CHM with e-learning and haptic rendering (virtual reality) functionality feasible. This paper addresses the application research issue of incorporating metadata and modeling in a CHM case study and discusses the related e-learning functionality. So, in this article, a practical project is used to demonstrate the functionality and the performance of the proposed 3D modeling metadata based CHM methodology. In particular, the processing steps from image acquisition to the 3D geometric and semantic description of the Galerius Palace "Octagonon" (Thessaloniki, Greece) in a 3D digital environment are presented. Also, emphasis is put on documenting the new term 3D modeling metadata for CHM and on discussing as an open issue the concept personalized e-learning CHM scenarios. The proposed methodology has 10-2 modeling accuracy (i.e. 1% relative inaccuracy) and it is of interest for archaeology, architecture, virtual reality, e-learning, e-culture and virtual tourism.
Citation - WoS: 7
Citation - Scopus: 7
Dampness Problems in a Historic House in Izmir, Turkey
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2009) Yardım, Bülent; Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
The study, as a preliminary stage of the restoration work of a historic house from Levantine ages of Izmir in the nineteenth century, involves the examination of the dampness basement problems. Moisture contents and temperature of the wall surfaces were monitored by non-destructive techniques, such as direct measurements of electrical conductivity and infrared thermography. The results were evaluated in the light of physical properties, moisture, and soluble salt types and contents in the materials, outdoor, and indoor climatic conditions, layout of the site, and architectural features of the building. In addition to rising damp and lack of sufficient ventilation for years, some faulty details along the intersections with the terraces of the neighbor buildings, and intersection with the asphalt coated street and the basement windows that gave way for rainwater leaks were the other sources of dampness. Some cool but relatively dry parts of the walls were found to be potential zones for dampness problem through condensation between midnight and early mornings, especially in winter.
Citation - WoS: 41
Citation - Scopus: 42
Characterization of Materials Used in the Execution of Historic Oil Paintings by Xrd, Sem-Eds, Tga and Libs Analysis
(Elsevier Ltd., 2009-04) Şerifaki, Kerem; Böke, Hasan; Yalçın, Şerife; İpekoğlu, Başak; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 04.01. Department of Chemistry; 04. Faculty of Science; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
In this study, material characteristics of historic oil paintings in a 19th century church in Ayvali{dotless}k/Turkey were investigated to propose the treatments to be used in their conservation and protection. For this purpose, physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions and the microstructure of the paintings were determined by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Analysis results showed that the paintings were composed of very thin binding and white priming layers on which the pigments were applied. Binding layers were composed of polymerized vegetable oil with Zinc Oxide. Priming layers were composed of anglesite mineral in polymerized vegetable oil. Pigments used in paintings were mainly green earth, red chrome and iron oxide.
Citation - WoS: 49
Citation - Scopus: 50
The Use of Brick-Lime Plasters and Their Relevance To Climatic Conditions of Historic Bath Buildings
(Elsevier Ltd., 2009-06) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Brick-lime mortars and plasters have been widely used as water-proof materials in aqueducts, bridges and cisterns since early Hellenistic time. In this study, the characteristics of brick-lime plasters used in some Ottoman bath buildings were investigated in order to understand their relevance as plasters in hot and humid environmental conditions of the baths. For this purpose, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of brick-lime plasters of some historic bath buildings in İzmir (Turkey) were determined by XRD, SEM-EDX, AFM and chemical analyses. The results indicated that their survival without loosing their strength and adhesion in hot and humid conditions of the baths was explained by their hydraulic characters due to the consciously use of porous and pozzolanic crushed bricks as aggregate in the manufacturing of plasters.

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