A Novel Phenalenone-Based Probe for Dual-Mode Hydrazine Detection

Abstract

Despite its toxic and carcinogenic nature, hydrazine (N2H4) remains a crucial compound in environmental and industrial applications. Its associated risks demand effective monitoring; however, conventional detection methods often fall short in sensitivity and accuracy, highlighting the need for innovative approaches. This study presents a novel turn-on probe based on phenalenone-phthalimide scaffold, 2-(1-oxo-1H-phenalen-6-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (6-AP-PI), specifically designed for N2H4 detection, offering a novel approach by combining fluorescence and electrochemical signals, thereby significantly enhancing detection performance. 6-AP-PI exhibits an exceptional selectivity and sensitivity toward N2H4 both in solution and cellular media, providing rapid signal enhancement (<1 min) and a low limit of detection (490 nM). Overall, this dual-mode design effectively addresses the limitations of traditional methods, enhancing both sensitivity and selectivity, positioning the 6-AP-PI probe as a promising tool for future health, safety, and environmental protection applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.