Gypsophila Eriocalyx Roots Inhibit Proliferation, Migration, and TGF-β Signaling in Melanoma Cells

Abstract

Objectives Melanoma is a highly malignant and serious form of skin cancer. In addition to the standard treatments, complementary approaches, including phytotherapy, are also used to alleviate symptoms and improve patient well-being. This study aims to investigate the anticancer effects of Gypsophila eriocalyx (GE), an endemic species from T & uuml;rkiye, on melanoma cells. We set out to determine the efficacy of GE in inhibiting melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and growth, and to explore its underlying mechanisms.Methods We examined the impact of GE on the proliferation of two melanoma cell lines, Malme-3M and SK-MEL-28, and assessed its developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Next, we evaluated GE's influence on colony formation and wound healing in melanoma cells, as well as its ability to induce apoptosis and affect the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway, by measuring pathway reporter activity and target gene expression.Results GE inhibited cell proliferation in melanoma cell lines at concentrations 104 to 488 times lower than those required for normal non-malignant L929 fibroblast cells. In zebrafish embryos, GE demonstrated developmental toxicity only at concentrations above 50 mu g/mL. GE treatment significantly impaired the colony formation and wound healing abilities of melanoma cells, indicating reduced proliferation and migration. Moreover, GE induced apoptosis in melanoma cells and inhibited the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway, as evidenced by decreased pathway reporter activity and target gene expression.Conclusions This study highlights the potential of GE as a novel therapeutic agent in melanoma treatment by demonstrating its ability to inhibit tumor growth and progression.