Development of 3D cardiac models via magnetic manipulation for drug screening studies

Abstract

Drug discovery and development process comprise of preclinical and clinical phases that are very intensive, long, and expensive research phases. However, drug candidates can fail in clinical trials. Toxicity is the major reason that leads to about 30% of drug development failures. Recently, the withdrawal rate of drugs from the market was increased to 33.3%from5.1%due to cardiotoxicity. When the drug fails at phase I, the reasons are probably related to 2-dimensional (2D) cell culture studies that do not represent the real tissue physiology; therefore, they provide misdirected data about the efficacy and toxicity of drug.