Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23

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Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
The Ancient City of Anazarbos and Its Significance as a World Heritage Site
(Springer, 2021) Yüceer, Hülya; Gülsen, F. Fatih; Aydın, Rozelin; Güler, Selen
The concept of world heritage constitutes an important political, cultural and economic agenda in contemporary society, even though it has been criticized for being Eurocentric. In the case of developing countries such as Turkey, inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List helps generate much needed income through grants and tourism activity. There are currently eighteen sites in Turkey that are on the World Heritage List, and another eighty-three on the tentative list, the majority of which have been inscribed in the last decade. However, such an acceleration of attempts to promote sites as world heritage because of their attributes can also lead to conflicts about the values of the sites, project management, community enhancement and the degree to which important related studies are carried out. The ancient city of Anazarbos is one that exemplifies such a situation. The site's history as cultural and military cross-roads in the Cilicia region, and the potential to reveal those who successively inhabited and controlled it paved the way to its inclusion in the tentative list in 2014 by meeting the outstanding universal values. In this context, this study aims to provide an accurate background of in the hope of raising its status so that further research can be carried out. The study first presents the case for the concept of world heritage and then offers a thorough assessment of the city in terms of its heritage significance. Following a discussion on the values associated with the site and the changing dynamics after its inclusion to the list, the study concludes with suggestions for its holistic conservation.
Citation - WoS: 23
Citation - Scopus: 28
An Architectural Assessment Method for New Exterior Additions To Historic Buildings
(Elsevier Ltd., 2012-10) Yüceer, Hülya; İpekoğlu, Başak
The design approaches of new exterior additions to historic buildings have been among the ongoing debates in the field of architectural conservation. The aim of this study is to develop an assessment method, which can be used to determine the compatibility in architectural expression of the new addition in relation to the characteristics of a historic building. This method is based on the architectural analysis, which includes environmental relations, building-lot relations, mass relations and the facade composition of the historic building both before and after the new addition in relation to the value of a historical building. In this study, a selected group of historic buildings in Izmir, Turkey with new exterior additions was analysed with regard to their exterior architectural characteristics in order to evaluate the compatibility of the new addition, by employing the use of contemporary conservation principles. The importance of this study is to guide architects to form the basis of a decision for developing an integrated approach in designing new additions in the course of the actual design process. On the other hand, the proposed method can be evaluated as a contribution to the emerging field of heritage impact assessments as well as scientific assistance to local governments to criticize specific projects of cultural heritage assets submitted for appraisal. Analysis results showed that the value of the historic building should first clearly be identified and a new addition should bear the identity of its own period. However, instead of altering the scale or form of the historic building, a new addition should complement and contribute to the sense of proportion, disposition and historical pattern. © 2012.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 4
Assessing Community Awareness for Participatory Conservation of Cultural Heritage: the Case of Tepebağ Tumulus and Its Surroundings in Adana Turkey
(Emerald Group Publishing, 2022) Umar, Nur; Yüceer, Hülya; Aydın, Rozelin
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the levels of awareness of locals about conservation and cultural heritage, in order to develop suggestions and methods for them to participate in these processes. Design/methodology/approach: The method of research is based on face-to-face surveys, mainly questionnaires that were conducted with 1,200 local people. The data obtained was evaluated using the SPSS 25.0.0 V program. Findings: The results show that locals mainly find appropriate the assets that reflect their culture but disregard archaeological remains. The participation of locals in the conservation process will end up benefiting them economically. Social implications: It is currently accepted that effective conservation cannot be achieved unless its technical considerations are considered together with social and cultural aspects. Ensuring the participation of local people in the conservation process has proved to be important in the development of holistic and sustainable outcomes. In places, where multilayered cultural heritage exists and local residents are from different cultural backgrounds, a detailed assessment of cultural heritage perception that involves local people gains significance. Originality/value: It is project-based in the sense of adding the dimension of community awareness to the practice of cultural heritage conservation in the multilayered and multicultural places.
Characteristics and Production Technologies of Byzantine Building Bricks From the Anaia Church in Western Anatolia
(Springer, 2023) Çam, Elif; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif
Fired bricks were valued as essential building materials in the central tradition of Byzantine architecture in Constantinople (Istanbul), Anatolia, and the Balkans. In this study, Byzantine bricks from three construction periods, covering nearly nine centuries (fifth-fourteenth centuries), of Anaia Church (Kadikalesi) in Western Anatolia were investigated to determine their characteristics, raw material properties, and production technologies. The characteristics of the bricks were evaluated and compared in order to identify similarities and differences between the periods and to investigate the continuity of the tradition of brick production over centuries. Basic physical and colorimetric properties, chemical and mineralogical compositions, thermal behavior, and microstructural and mechanical properties of bricks were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical tests. The results indicated that all the bricks in the Anaia Church were brown-beige colored, highly porous, low-density materials with low mechanical strength. They were produced from Ca-rich clays, probably obtained from two different sources used during all construction periods. The mineralogical composition and thermal properties revealed that the bricks from the first and second periods were fired at between 800 and 900 & DEG;C and the bricks from the third period were fired at < 850 & DEG;C. Greater calcium content and firing temperatures were found to reduce the total porosity and the number of small pores (< 10 & mu;m) and increase the mechanical strength of the bricks. The results of the study revealed no significant differences in the production of bricks, including raw material sources and kiln conditions, for the different construction periods of the church.
Citation - WoS: 28
Citation - Scopus: 29
Characteristics of Bricks Used in the Domes of Some Historic Bath Buildings
(Elsevier Ltd., 2013-06) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan
In this study, characteristics of bricks used in the domes of some historic bath buildings dated to 15th century in Izmir were determined in order to indicate the properties of repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes. For this purpose, their basic physical properties, elemental and mineralogical compositions, firing temperatures and microstructural properties were determined by using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analysis. Analysis results indicated that the bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing low amounts of calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures (<. 900. °C). They are mainly consisted of small pores with r<. 5. μm that make the bricks more susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze-thaw cycles. Although the bricks were fired at low temperatures and susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze thaw cycles, the structural systems of the domes remained without losing their integrity due to the moderate climatic conditions of Izmir. Repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes should be compatible with the original ones and produced from calcium poor clays by firing at low temperatures.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 4
Conservation-Aimed Evaluation of a Historical Aqueduct in Izmir
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2019-06) Mamaklı, Fatma Sezgi; Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Vardaroğlu, Mustafa
The seventeenth century was the era in which Izmir became an international commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean. The vizier of the era, Koprulu Fazil Ahmet Pasa, noticed the scarcity of potable water in relation with the increasing population at the center of this harbor city and ordered the construction of an aqueduct on Melez Valley. The Veziraga Aqueduct was constructed in 1674. This article aims to identify historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Veziraga Aqueduct so that its heritage values and conservations problems can be understood. The geographical and historical characteristics of the Veziraga Aqueduct are described by taking the effects of site and the sociocultural situation of city into consideration. The architectural characteristics of the aqueduct are prepared by using the site survey data to reveal the current condition and find out the original state. Seismic behavior of the aqueduct is investigated by using two approaches: analytical equivalent static analysis and finite-element analysis. The historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Veziraga Aqueduct prove its historical, documentary, and aesthetic values.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 10
Construction Techniques of Domes in Some Ottoman Baths
(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Reyhan, Kader; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, Hasan
In Ottoman bath architecture, the dome is the spherical structural component covering the square planned dressing hall, warm and hot spaces. In this study, the relationship between bond type, dome span, dome height, dome thickness, and the number of oculi of domes in some Ottoman baths located in Western Anatolia (Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of evaluating construction techniques and architectural characteristics. The studied domes were constructed with brick and lime mortar as binder. In the construction of domes, whole and half bricks with different dimensions were used. In all domes, the surfaces were covered with brick-lime plaster, a thin layer on the interior and a thick layer on the exterior. Terracotta pipes placed in the brick bond or the openings made through the brick bond constituted oculi for lighting. Depending on the brick bond, a linear relationship was determined between the span, height, and number of oculi, whereas a mathematical ratio between 1:10 and 1:12 was determined between the span and thickness of the domes. It has also been noted that as the dome span increases, so does the height, thickness at the springing level and the number of oculi. The domes examined with these properties should be seen as historical documents representing the construction technology of the 15th century. Therefore, these properties of domes must be preserved and special care needs to be taken as not to lose the original qualities of these domes during conservation works.
Construction Techniques of Hayat Houses: Two Case Studies in the Vicinity of Izmir
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2019-06) Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Mamaklı, Fatma Sezgi; Kaplan, Zişan
This study aims to contribute to the analytic studies on constructional aspects of the hayat house typology with an eye on its historical evolution for conservation purposes. The method used included a review of the surviving examples of the typology in Izmir and its vicinity and the selection of two intact examples whose structural components are legible: one from the earliest period and the other from the latest period. The examples selected are Kerimaga Konagi in Birgi, odemis, Izmir and a house in Kirkagac, Soma, Manisa. The early example (probably eighteenth century, constructed over the remains of an older house) sustains the traditional box system in its wooden upper story that integrates with the roof. The provision of level differences on the upper floor, the traditional relationship of the sitting level-window design, and masonry base are its authentic features. The late example (probably early twentieth century) presents signs of modernization, such as the establishment of a systematic wooden roof and wall frames in relation to each other, lack of diagonals in the perpendicular wall frame, avoidance of projections, and relatively elongated windows placed at higher positions.
Citation - WoS: 19
Citation - Scopus: 21
Determination of Caco 3 and Sio 2 Content in the Binders of Historic Lime Mortars
(Springer Verlag, 2012-06) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, Şerife
The binders of historic mortars composed of small grain sized silica (SiO 2) and carbonated lime (CaCO 3) are considered as the main part that give hydraulic character and high strength to the mortar. In this study, FTIR, SEM-EDS, LIBS and XRD spectroscopy were used to find out the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of historic lime mortars. For this purpose, a series of pure calcium carbonate and silica mixture were prepared in ten combinations in varying ratios from 0.5 to 5. Calibration curve was prepared for each analysis by plotting the peak area or intensity ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 versus the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2. A good linear correlation coefficient was obtained for each analysis respectively. The analyses were then tested on the binder of the Roman mortar samples. The results indicated that FTIR, SEM-EDS and LIBS spectroscopy are convenient tools to determine the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of mortars. But XRD spectroscopy is not convenient for quantitative analysis of binders due to the presence of varied amounts of amorphous or poor crystalline silica in their compositions.
Citation - WoS: 22
Citation - Scopus: 23
Effect of Some Surfactants on So2-Marble Reaction
(Elsevier Ltd., 2002-12) Böke, Hasan; Göktürk, E. Hale; Caner Saltık, Emine N.
In the polluted atmosphere, sulphur dioxide (SO2) reacts with calcite (CaCO3) in marble producing calcium sulphite hemihydrate (CaSO3·0.5 H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Gypsum develops crust at rain-sheltered surfaces and then, being more soluble, accelerates erosion at areas exposed to rain. Eventually, all these lead to significant deformations in the appearance and structure of marble surfaces. Clearly, some precautions must be taken to stop or at least to slow down this deterioration process which destroys our cultural heritage. In this study, we have investigated the possibilities of preventing the SO2-marble reaction by using water-soluble surfactants: Abil Quat 3270 and Tween 20. Experiments for measuring their effects have been carried out at conditions simulating the dry deposition of SO2. Infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the mineralogical composition and morphology of the reaction products. The extent of sulphation reaction was calculated by determining calcium sulphite hemihydrate and gypsum quantitatively by an IR approach and also by weight increases observed during the progress of SO2-marble reaction. A 10% decrease is observed in the total sulphation with both surfactant applications. The results have been discussed in relation to the possible stages of sulphation reaction and surface reactions of calcite.
Citation - WoS: 8
Citation - Scopus: 9
Impact of Transparency in the Design of Protective Structures for Conservation of Archaeological Remains
(Elsevier Ltd., 2013-06) Yaka Çetin, Funda; İpekoğlu, Başak
Protective structures are advantageous to extend the life of exposed remains and to display objects of cultural significance. A considerable number of shelters and enclosures have been constructed of transparent materials to enhance the display function. This study aims to examine the utilization of transparency in design of protective structures in terms of advantages and disadvantages. To fulfill this aim, a group of protective structures, which were completely transparent or with transparent façades, such as the Roman Villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily (Italy), the Fishbourne Roman Palace at West Sussex (England), the Roman Bath at Badenweiler (Germany), the Cathedral ruins at Hamar (Norway) and the Terrace Houses 2 at Ephesus (Turkey) were investigated in terms of their effect on preservation and display of remains. The selected examples illustrated that greenhouse effect, condensation, loss of transparency and excessive lighting are the problems to be considered in the design process. As a result, transparent materials used in protective structures should be selected carefully according to their thermo-physical properties such as solar, thermal and light transmission in order to reduce the negative effects of overheating and condensation.
Citation - WoS: 31
Citation - Scopus: 41
Metadata-Based Heritage Sites Modeling With E-Learning Functionality
(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Styliadis, Athanasios D.; Akbaylar, İpek; Papadopoulou, Despoina A.; Hasanagas, Nikolaos D.; Roussa, Sotiria A.; Sexidis, Lazaros A.
Nowadays, cultural heritage is under threat and danger (pollution, natural disasters, wars, etc.). In this domain, cultural heritage management (CHM) as the art, vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage resources and as a multi-discipline research area has a vital role. In recent years, the innovations, improvements and rapid advances in traditional and geographic (GIS) databases, design computing, digital architecture and archaeology, imaging sensors and scanners, computer modeling software, haptic equipments and e-learning technology, as well as the affordability and availability of many powerful graphics workstations make metadata and 3D modeling techniques for CHM with e-learning and haptic rendering (virtual reality) functionality feasible. This paper addresses the application research issue of incorporating metadata and modeling in a CHM case study and discusses the related e-learning functionality. So, in this article, a practical project is used to demonstrate the functionality and the performance of the proposed 3D modeling metadata based CHM methodology. In particular, the processing steps from image acquisition to the 3D geometric and semantic description of the Galerius Palace "Octagonon" (Thessaloniki, Greece) in a 3D digital environment are presented. Also, emphasis is put on documenting the new term 3D modeling metadata for CHM and on discussing as an open issue the concept personalized e-learning CHM scenarios. The proposed methodology has 10-2 modeling accuracy (i.e. 1% relative inaccuracy) and it is of interest for archaeology, architecture, virtual reality, e-learning, e-culture and virtual tourism.
Citation - WoS: 117
Citation - Scopus: 133
Quantification of Caco3-Caso3·0.5h 2o-Caso4·2h2o Mixtures by Ftir Analysis and Its Ann Model
(Elsevier Ltd., 2004-02) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; Özdemir, Serhan; Göktürk, E. Hale; Caner Saltık, Emine N.
A new quantitative analysis method for mixtures of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium sulphite hemihydrate (CaSO 3·1/2H2O) and gypsum (CaSO 4·2H2O) by FTIR spectroscopy is developed. The method involves the FTIR analysis of powder mixtures of several compositions on KBr disc specimens. Intensities of the resulting absorbance peaks for CaCO 3, CaSO3·1/2H2O and CaSO 4·2H2O at 1453, 980, 1146 cm-1 were used as input data for an artificial neural network (ANN) model, the output being the weight percent compositions of the mixtures. The training and testing data were randomly separated from the complete original data set. Testing of the model was done with successfully low-average error levels. The utility of the model is in the potential ability to use FTIR spectrum to predict the proportions of the three substances in unknown mixtures.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 4
A Quantitative Approach for Evaluating Intervention-Value Relations: Historic Mosques of Manisa, Turkey
(Emerald Group Publishing, 2021) Büyükkılıç Koşun, Suna; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine
Purpose This study aims to propose a systematic way of evaluating the impact of historic and current interventions on cultural asset values of monuments that have preserved their authentic functions so that future interventions can be better guided. Design/methodology/approach The study focuses on the Mosque typology. The case studies are chosen from a region that has a rich historic background, but has generally undergone rapid urbanization and faces extensive restorations today. Conventional site survey, archive and historical research and visual analysis are made, but the evaluation process has been designed. As a result, scale and intensity of interventions and disasters and the vulnerability of the monument should be identified for each period of the asset. Variations in the intensity of esthetic or historic qualities and the environmental settings should be credited, rather than the utilitarian necessities. Findings Mosques and their environs are most vulnerable in terms of their architectural authenticity and site aesthetics. Originality/value The objects studied in the previous studies present a variation, but the majority of the work is carried out with conventional evaluation methods with the emphasis on building scale. However, the mosques are affected by the interventions and disasters, not only as single architectural entities but also as the focal elements of their neighborhoods. So, the intervention-value relations should be understood both for building and site scales. An evaluation process is proposed for understanding the change of values with respect to interventions and disasters throughout history by combining qualitative and quantitative techniques.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 6
Revisiting the Conditions of Authenticity for Built Heritage in Areas of Conflict
(Mdpi, 2021) Saifi, Yara; Yüceer, Hulya; Hurol, Yonca
This article examines the application of conditions of authenticity within the context of built heritage management in areas of political conflict, where heritage management can be seen as a political act rather than a means of protection. It focuses on values attributed to built heritage that can be targeted or reinvented by the dominant power in areas of conflict with minorities being powerless to intervene. The argument is built around the Agios Synesios Church in North Cyprus, which continued to be used by the Greek Cypriot minority following the island division in 1974. Although their way of life has been compromised, they have embraced forced change through using the church to maintain their ritual and religious practices; by doing so, they negotiate their values towards their heritage. In this case, the study shows that the conditions of authenticity are difficult to meet, given the means through which heritage management can be manipulated. Accordingly, the article aims to contribute to general discussions on the vagueness and enigmatic conditions of authenticity in areas of conflict. Different buildings in areas of conflict around the world suffer because of the political nature of heritage management, which makes the criteria of authenticity unviable.
Citation - WoS: 28
Citation - Scopus: 32
Sustainable Bio-Nano Composite Coatings for the Protection of Marble Surfaces
(Elsevier Masson SAS, 2015) Ocak, Y.; Sofuoglu, A.; Tihminlioglu, F.; Böke, H.
Water repellency on natural stone surfaces is the most important issue in the protection of stone monuments from effects of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, effectiveness of a bio-nano composite coating, composed of a biodegradable polymer (poly-L-lactide [PLA]) and montmorillonite clay (MMT) was investigated for the protection of marble surfaces from pollution. The clay dispersion in polymer matrices was analyzed by using Scanning Tunnel Electron Microscopy (STEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), while protection performance was investigated by the measurement of surface roughness, wettability, water vapor permeability, capillary water absorption, and color changes on the marble surfaces. As a result, no alteration on the color of coated marbles was observed, significant improvement was obtained for hydrophobicity of the surface and inhibition of sulfation reaction on the exposed marble surfaces under acidic atmosphere. It could be said that PLA based nanocomposites seem to be promising materials as protective coating agents in reducing the effects of water and atmospheric pollutants on marble surfaces. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.
Citation - WoS: 10
Citation - Scopus: 12
Weathering of Andesite Monuments in Archaeological Sites
(Elsevier Ltd., 2013-06) Kaplan, Çaglayan Deniz; Mürtezaoğlu, Fulya; İpekoğlu, Başak; Böke, Hasan
Archaeological sites, which are the integral parts of cultural heritage, have to be conserved as a whole to have a variety of information about past societies. In this study, the weathering problems of unburied and newly excavated andesite monuments in Aigai archaeological site (Manisa, Turkey) were investigated for the purpose of their conservation. With this intent, the basic physical properties, mineralogical and chemical compositions and microstructural properties of sound and weathered samples were determined by using XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and TGA analysis. Results of the study indicated that the weathering mechanisms of unburied and post-excavated andesite differ from each other. The main weathering problems observed on the unburied stones are mainly increasing microcracks from inner parts to the surfaces, deposition of iron oxides and microbiological colonization due to climatic conditions of the site. In the newly excavated areas, calcium carbonate deposition, accumulation of clay minerals and microbiological colonization are the main weathering problems due to weathering of silica minerals through the action of carbon dioxide and water during burial.

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