03. Mimarlık Fakültesi / Faculty of Architecture

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Characterization of Yellow Patina on Stone Surfaces by Instrumental Analysis Including Libs
(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Badur, Fulya; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, Şerife; Böke, Hasan; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 04.01. Department of Chemistry; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 04. Faculty of Science; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
Yellow patina formed on the stone surfaces of historical buildings, monuments, and archaeological structures due to weathering is considered a value of the building in the conservation of cultural heritage studies. Although yellow patina layers can be easily distinguished on white marble surfaces, it is not possible to distinguish them on the yellow travertine surfaces with the naked eye. It should be taken into account in yellow travertines as well as marble surfaces before conservation treatments of the stone. In this study, mineralogical and chemical compositions and the thicknesses of yellow patina layers formed on yellow travertine and marble surfaces in Aizanoi, Aphrodisias, and Hierapolis archaeological sites in Turkey were analyzed in order to constitute a conservation approach in the archaeological sites. In this respect, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and LIBS were used in the determination of compositions and thicknesses of yellow patina. Although LIBS analysis is a more convenient method to investigate patina layers on stone surfaces, this technique is not as well known as the others. Yellow patina layers contained calcium oxalate in the form of whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O). Their thicknesses were between 15 and 100 μm and should be protective against weathering on travertine and marble surfaces. Highlights LIBS analysis seems to be the most convenient micro-destructive method to estimate the thickness of the yellow patina layers on the marble and yellow travertine surfaces. The determination of the thickness of the yellow patina is critical to keep irreversible cleaning interventions, especially for the yellow travertines due to their similar colors. Yellow patina is mainly composed of calcium oxalate with clay minerals and organic compounds.
Citation - WoS: 19
Citation - Scopus: 21
Determination of Caco 3 and Sio 2 Content in the Binders of Historic Lime Mortars
(Springer Verlag, 2012-06) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, Şerife; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 04.01. Department of Chemistry; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 04. Faculty of Science; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 02. Faculty of Architecture
The binders of historic mortars composed of small grain sized silica (SiO 2) and carbonated lime (CaCO 3) are considered as the main part that give hydraulic character and high strength to the mortar. In this study, FTIR, SEM-EDS, LIBS and XRD spectroscopy were used to find out the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of historic lime mortars. For this purpose, a series of pure calcium carbonate and silica mixture were prepared in ten combinations in varying ratios from 0.5 to 5. Calibration curve was prepared for each analysis by plotting the peak area or intensity ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 versus the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2. A good linear correlation coefficient was obtained for each analysis respectively. The analyses were then tested on the binder of the Roman mortar samples. The results indicated that FTIR, SEM-EDS and LIBS spectroscopy are convenient tools to determine the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of mortars. But XRD spectroscopy is not convenient for quantitative analysis of binders due to the presence of varied amounts of amorphous or poor crystalline silica in their compositions.
Citation - Scopus: 2
Indoor Air Co2 Concentrations and Ventilation Rates in Two Residences in İzmir, Turkey
(Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 2022-06) Taşer, Aybüke; Uçaryılmaz, Sedef; Çataroğlu, Ilgın; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
Houses are the places where people spend most of their time. That is why indoor air quality at home is essential for public health. Sufficient ventilation is the factor to avoid accumulation of pollutants in indoor air, which include microorganisms, such as SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, adequate ventilation is needed to provide good indoor air quality for human health and reduce infection risk at home. There are no reports of residential ventilation rates in Turkey. In this study, CO2 concentrations were measured in two residences in Izmir, Turkey. Three experiments were conducted to determine background concentrations and the rate of natural ventilation with infiltration and opening windows. Results show that air exchange provided by infiltration is low for both case rooms, while adequate ventilation could be achieved with natural ventilation under the studied conditions. Infiltration provided air exchange and ventilation rates of 0.18 h-1 and 5.9 m3/h for Case 1 and 0.29 h-1 and 8.23 m3/h for Case 2, respectively. Air exchange and ventilation rates were increased to 2.36 h-1 and 76.9 m3/h for Case 1 and 1.2 h-1 and 34 m3/h for Case 2, respectively, by opening the windows. Although ventilation can be provided by opening the windows, the other factors that determine its rate, e.g., meteorological variables, cannot be controlled by the occupants. Consequently, people cannot ensure the good indoor air quality in bedrooms and sufficient reduction in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms; therefore, risk of spreading diseases such as COVID-19 at home.

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